![]() Estimated VDphysiol/VT ratios systematically underestimated measured VDphysiol/VT ratios.Īshbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. The respiratory response to PP appeared more relevant when PaCO2 rather than the PaO2/FiO2 ratio was used. PP induced a decrease in VDalv/VT ratio and an improvement in respiratory mechanics. Estimated VDphysiol/VT ratios significantly underestimated measured VDphysiol/VT ratios (concordance correlation coefficient 0.19 (interquartile ranges 0.091 to 0.28)), whereas changes during PP were more reliable (concordance correlation coefficient 0.51 (0.32 to 0.66)). ![]() When the response was defined by PaCO2, four patients were differently classified, and responders (n = 7) had a greater decrease in VDalv/VT ratio and in Pplat and a greater increase in PaO2/FiO2 ratio and in Crs than nonresponders (n = 6). When the response was defined by PaO2/FiO2 ratio, no significant differences in Pplat, PaCO2 or VDalv/VT alterations between responders (n = 7) and nonresponders (n = 6) were observed. Changes in VDalv/VT were correlated with changes in Crs, but not with changes in PaO2/FiO2 ratios. Maximal changes were observed after six to nine hours. PP induced a decrease in Pplat, PaCO2 and VDalv/VT ratio and increases in PaO2/FiO2 ratios and compliance of the respiratory system (Crs). Estimated and measured VDphysiol/VT ratios were compared. Thirteen patients with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio 20 mmHg or by a decrease in PaCO2 > 2 mmHg. We also aimed to validate a recently proposed method of estimation of the physiological dead space (VDphysiol/VT) without measurement of expired CO2. Our aims in this study were to report changes in the ratio of alveolar dead space to tidal volume (VDalv/VT) in the prone position (PP) and to test whether changes in partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) may be more relevant than changes in the ratio of partial pressure of arterial O2 to fraction of inspired O2 (PaO2/FiO2) in defining the respiratory response to PP.
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![]() If you are a YouTube Music subscriber and would like to convert YouTube Music to MP3, Method 1 - KeepMusic YouTube Music Converter is your best choice. Notes: If you need to extract MP3 files from YouTube videos, Methods 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are applicable. If you think we're missing a program that should have made it on the list, feel free to post it in the comments. FastConverter will analyze it automatically in the shortest time. All of them are free or time-limited free. STEP 1 Search by keywords or paste Youtube URL on the search box. What is the best free YouTube Music downloader? In the following guide, we will list the top 6 YouTube to MP3 downloader programs and show you how to download YouTube to MP3 for free. Maybe you have your reasons for downloading YouTube videos to MP3 and other audio formats or downloading YouTube Music to MP3, but get confused in the sea of YouTube downloaders. 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It’s further down the list because it doesn’t convert certain mega-viral, verified videos directly from its. AmoyShare MP3 Converter is the best tool to convert video to MP3 since it is safe, powerful, Why we like it: Like YTMP3, Y2mate is streamlined and effortless to use. ![]() If you are being attacked feel free to restart the checkpoint and try it again.Ĭomplete the Drill Room without taking any damage.ĭuring chapter 10 you will have to destroy a gigantic drill in some sort of arena. Move very slowly from door to door and stay in the shadows. From this point on you may not be attacked by one of these enemies. He will spot you automatically and run away. The relevant section for this trophy / achievement starts right after leaving the elevator! When opening the next door you will encounter your first Feeder. In the very beginning of chapter 9 you will have to activate and use an elevator. Reach the pump room of the Waystation without alerting any Feeders. Otherwise you would need to replay the entire chapter if you fail. ![]() In co-op it is a bit easier.Īlso consider making a backup of your save game after starting the spaceship flight. There are just a little over 70, so it might take several tries. You will have to destroy almost every target. In the last part you just need to shoot some mountains. Try to stay on course so that you can spot all the targets easily. In the next part you have to shoot some trash that is flying through the air. Just keep hitting R1 (PS3) / RB (X360) very quickly and take out as many as you can. There are so many mines at once that it is almost impossible to shoot all of them. The big mine swarm is the most important thing for this trophy / achievement. There are 3 types of targets you can shoot. Shoot at least 70 targets during the ride to Tau Volantis.Īt the very end of chapter 7 you will have to navigate a spaceship. Just shoot the head with any weapon so that if falls down to the ground. You basically run right into the deer head. Just follow the waypoints and after exiting the elevator look to your left. Shoot the deer head trophy in the Admiral’s Quarters.ĭuring chapter 4 you will have to hack the power console of an elevator. Use Stasis to slow down the piston and use Kinesis to grab peng. The peng treasure is located behind the piston. Shortly after entering the Reaper Barracks you will have to make your way past a spiked piston trap. After obtaining the key, mark the optional mission in your RIG and follow the waypoints. You will come across this room during the story path automatically. The key is located in a room that has an elevator and Torque chamber. To unlock this mission you need to find the Reaper Barracks Key. It is hidden within the optional mission called “Reaper Barracks”. The Peng Treasure can be found in chapter 14. Prologue – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 0, Weapon Parts: 0, Circuits: 0Ĭhapter 1 – Artifacts: 2, Logs: 2, Weapon Parts: 0, Circuits: 0Ĭhapter 2 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 1, Weapon Parts: 0, Circuits: 0Ĭhapter 3 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 2, Weapon Parts: 2, Circuits: 2Ĭhapter 4 – Artifacts: 6, Logs: 8, Weapon Parts: 12, Circuits: 7, Blueprints: 1Ĭhapter 5 – Artifacts: 3, Logs: 9, Weapon Parts: 6, Circuits: 6Ĭhapter 6 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 1, Weapon Parts: 1, Circuits: 2Ĭhapter 8 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 4, Weapon Parts: 3, Circuits: 2, Blueprints: 1Ĭhapter 9 – Artifacts: 3, Logs: 11, Weapon Parts: 8, Circuits: 5, Blueprints: 3Ĭhapter 10 – Artifacts: 2, Logs: 1, Weapon Parts: 4, Circuits: 1Ĭhapter 11 – Artifacts: 4, Logs: 10, Weapon Parts: 9, Circuits: 10, Blueprints: 2Ĭhapter 13 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 0, Weapon Parts: 4, Circuits: 1, Blueprints: 1Ĭhapter 14 – Artifacts: 7, Logs: 11, Weapon Parts: 14, Circuits: 13,Blueprints: 3Ĭhapter 15 – Artifacts: 0, Logs: 0, Weapon Parts: 2, Circuits: 0Ĭhapter 16 – Artifacts: 0, Logs: 1, Weapon Parts: 4, Circuits: 1, Blueprints: 1Ĭhapter 17 – Artifacts: 4, Logs: 7, Weapon Parts: 2, Circuits: 10Ĭhapter 18 – Artifacts: 2, Logs: 3, Weapon Parts: 2, Circuits: 1Ĭhapter 19 – Artifacts: 1, Logs: 0, Weapon Parts: 0, Circuits: 0 ![]() In conclusion, reasonable doubt should be well thought out and well presented. the jury should also weigh between the girl’s evidence and the missing DNA and decide which takes precedence and if both sides have adequately presented and defended these issues. The absence of DNA can be attributed to many factors e.g. The jurors should have considered if the defense had provided any credible reason with which to doubt the girl. In my opinion the jurors did not use common sense as well as moral certainty in offering that verdict. The article has a case where a girl points out her dad’s killer but the defendant is still found innocent due to lack of DNA. ![]() When juries take what they have seen on TV shows as the guiding block they are prone to mistake that may be costly to the participants in the case. Reasonable doubt applies where one feels that the accused is likely guilty but not to a total certainty in this case, one has to give the defendant the benefit of the doubt since you have not been satisfied with his or her guilt. It must be based on common sense and must be logically derived by the presence or absence of evidence. According to Hails reasonable doubt cannot be a frivolous doubt and must not be based on either sympathy or prejudice (16). On analysis Wright and Hall discovered that in the first experiment 33% used the principle as a guide as compared to 66% in the second (16).Īccording to Greenhouse, it suggests that the evidence so supplied by the prosecution reaches a point that it is beyond dispute and whereby a juror has the moral certainty that another reasonable alternative can apply to the case (23). Very few used their personal beliefs to convict. The second group on the other hand mainly used the reasonable doubt principle to give their verdict. The result showed that the first group used reasonable doubt to justify their guilty verdicts since although they were not positively sure of guilt what they believed exceeded the principle’s threshold. Jurors were given a case file and one group was told to use the principle of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt to convict and the other was instructed to use their moral sense and that they did not have to be 100% sure that the defendant is guilty they could just infer (Wright and Hall 2). A university student, Wright, carried an experiment to show the effects a reasonable guilt instruction affects the decision of guilt by the jurors. This thus means opinions and other forms of evidence can be used to convict a criminal. The police force uses specific instruments that can only perform to certain levels and their knowledge usually plays a big role in their interpretation. This notion is however flawed as in most case the evidence is usually tampered with or contaminated by the many police officers and detectives in the scene and also technology as shown in these TV shows are mostly fictional. These shows portray how police forensic scientists go to great lengths using advanced technology to obtain all forensic material that is presented to the jury and used to convict the criminal. But on the other hand, shows like CSI have created the notion that only forensic evidence can be used to convict a prisoner. The director of the Law and Order series views his show as an achievement as it educates people on how the justice system works and why sometimes evidence is not presented to the jurors (Cole 14). It is true that these TV shows are educational in that a juror knows what is expected from the prosecutor. In this article that jurors derive their legal expertise from TV shows which in essence can be very counterproductive to any particular case. Where the freedom of a person or their life is on the line, it is necessary to be absolutely sure that the person did indeed commit the said crime. The reason why this standard has been in use for a very long time in our legal system is that at times criminal proceedings may deny a person of his rights and may also lead to his death. This legal standard is the highest standard of proof that prosecutors must meet in all criminal trials. The term guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is used to apply to the requirement that the prosecutor has to prove that the defendant is guilty without any reasonable doubt before the defendant can be announced guilty (Hails 4). |
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